Hard and soft water are different because of the minerals they contain. Hard water has more calcium and magnesium. These water minerals can cause limescale, which clogs pipes and damages machines like ...

Skoltech researchers have presented a new simple physical model for predicting the hardness of materials based on information about the shear modulus and equations of the state of crystal structures.

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Put a known volume of water into a boiling tube. Add soap solution, one drop at a time, and shake the mixture for 10 seconds. Record the number of drops of soap needed to make a lather. The ...

Hardness testing machines perform three common kinds of scientific hardness tests: the Brinell hardness test, the Rockwell hardness test, and the Vickers hardness test. The Rockwell hardness test is ...